1. Introduction to Magnet Performance Metrics
Magnets are indispensable in modern technology, from electric motors and generators to medical imaging and data storage. Their performance is quantified by several key parameters, including magnetic field strength, coercivity, remanence, energy product, and temperature stability. Accurate measurement of these properties ensures optimal design, reliability, and efficiency in applications ranging from consumer electronics to industrial machinery. This guide explores the principles, methods, and tools used to evaluate magnet performance, along with practical considerations and advanced techniques.

1. Introduction to Magnetic Force and Its Fundamental Principles
Magnetic force arises from the interaction between magnetic dipoles or moving charges. The Lorentz force law, F = q(v × B), describes the force on a charged particle moving through a magnetic field B at velocity v. For macroscopic magnets, the force depends on the spatial distribution of magnetic moments and their alignment. The Biot-Savart law and Ampère's circuital law provide foundational frameworks for calculating magnetic fields generated by currents, while Gauss's law for magnetism states that magnetic monopoles do not exist, ensuring magnetic field lines form closed loops.

Accurately describing magnet procurement requirements is crucial for ensuring that the purchased magnets meet the intended application needs. This comprehensive guide delves into the various aspects that need to be considered when formulating magnet procurement requirements. It covers fundamental magnet properties, application - specific requirements, quality and reliability standards, packaging and delivery details, and cost - related considerations. By following these guidelines, buyers can communicate their needs effectively to suppliers, leading to successful procurement outcomes.

Permanent magnets play a crucial role in numerous modern technologies, from electric motors and generators to magnetic storage devices. The anisotropic shape of permanent magnets significantly influences their magnetic properties, particularly the remanent magnetic field and the demagnetization factor. This paper provides an in - depth exploration of how the anisotropic geometry of permanent magnets affects these key magnetic characteristics. We first introduce the basic concepts of permanent magnets, anisotropy, remanent magnetic field, and demagnetization factor. Then, we analyze the relationship between different anisotropic shapes and the remanent magnetic field, followed by a detailed discussion on the impact of shape on the demagnetization factor. Finally, we present some practical applications and future research directions in this field.

Magnetic circuits are fundamental in various electrical and electronic devices, from transformers and inductors to motors and generators. Understanding the common magnetic circuit structures is crucial for engineers and scientists involved in the design, analysis, and optimization of these devices. This article provides an in - depth exploration of common magnetic circuit structures, including their basic components, working principles, and applications. It covers simple magnetic circuits, compound magnetic circuits, and some special - purpose magnetic circuit designs.

1. Introduction
Sintered neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets are the most powerful permanent magnets available, with applications spanning electric vehicles (EVs), wind turbines, aerospace systems, medical imaging (MRI), and consumer electronics. Their performance—defined by magnetic properties (remanence, coercivity, energy product), thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical durability—is influenced by composition, microstructure, manufacturing processes, and environmental conditions.

This analysis explores the key factors affecting NdFeB magnet performance, their underlying mechanisms, and optimization strategies to enhance reliability and efficiency in high-demand applications.

Sintered neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets, recognized as the strongest permanent magnets globally, are indispensable in high-performance applications such as electric vehicles, wind turbines, aerospace systems, and medical imaging devices. Their exceptional magnetic properties—including high remanence (Br), coercivity (Hcj), and maximum energy product ((BH)max)—stem from a complex manufacturing process involving powder metallurgy, magnetic field alignment, vacuum sintering, and precision machining. However, ensuring these magnets meet stringent performance and reliability standards requires rigorous testing across multiple dimensions. This guide details the critical testing items for sintered NdFeB magnets, categorized into dimensional accuracy, physical properties, magnetic characterization, microstructural analysis, environmental durability, and coating quality, with insights into methodologies, equipment, and industry standards.

Neodymium magnets (NdFeB), renowned for their exceptional magnetic properties, are widely utilized in high-tech applications such as electric vehicles, wind turbines, and medical devices. However, their susceptibility to corrosion, particularly in humid or aggressive environments, poses a significant challenge to their long-term performance. Passivation, as a surface treatment technique, offers an effective solution by forming a protective oxide layer on the magnet surface. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of passivation technology for neodymium magnets, covering its principles, processes, advantages, limitations, and applications.

1. Introduction
Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the physical world, playing a crucial role in various phenomena ranging from the behavior of elementary particles to the operation of large - scale electrical devices. Understanding how to calculate magnetic fields is fundamental in physics, engineering, and many applied sciences. This text will delve into the principles, formulas, and methods for calculating magnetic fields in different scenarios.